The Arctic region is undergoing rapid changes due to climate change, with temperatures rising at more than twice the global average. One of the most significant consequences of these rising temperatures is the thawing of permafrost—a layer of permanently frozen soil that has remained unchanged for thousands of years. As permafrost thaws, it not only releases greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane but also poses a less direct yet equally alarming risk: the potential release of ancient pathogens.

The concept of de-extinction has captured the imagination of scientists, environmentalists, and the general public alike. The idea that we could potentially bring back species that once roamed the Earth, such as the woolly mammoth, raises profound questions about ethics, ecology, and the future of conservation.

The Earth's atmosphere is a complex and dynamic system, crucial for life on our planet. Among its many components, the ozone layer plays an essential role in protecting living organisms from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation.